SPINNING AS FAMINE RELIEF AND MAHATMA GANDHI

[Prof. Dr. Yogendra Yadav]

Prof. Dr. Yogendra Yadav

Gandhian Scholar

Gandhi Research Foundation, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India

Contact No. – 09415777229, 094055338

E-mail- [e-mail];[e-mail]

 

 

SPINNING AS FAMINE RELIEF AND MAHATMA GANDHI

 

 

 In the month of August 1920, when the severity of the famine was being felt, the idea of introducing spinning as a famine relief to respectable middle class people was started and Miss Latham kindly gave a spinning-wheel to introduce the work. Attempts were made to introduce the work especially among the Dhangars who were used to spinning wool but they proved futile. Spinning a thin thread of cotton was thought impossibility in a village which did not know anything about it. Doubts were also entertained as to whether the work, if taken up, would be paying or at least helpful. In such different difficulties and objections, the wheel remained idle for nearly three months, and in spite of vigorous efforts nobody seemed willing to take up the work. In December 1920, Miss Latham again sent four more wheels, through the kindness of Mrs. J. Petit, and some cotton.

They were given for trial to different persons. Signs now seemed a little hopeful and at last one Ramoshi woman was prevailed upon to take up the work seriously. This was about the 20th of January 1921, since when the work has assumed a different shape. The example of this woman was copied by two more who undertook to take up the work. Through great perseverance 4 lbs. of yarn were prepared by these three spinners and it was sent for sale. In the meantime many women began to make inquiries and expressed a desire to take it up if it helped them financially in some way. A rate of spinning @ 6 as. a lb. was therefore fixed and it helped other spinners to join the work. Here another difficulty, viz. that of funds, came in the way. All the five wheels were engaged, and five more prepared locally were also engaged. The stock of cotton was also exhausted. It seemed that the work would suffer for want of funds to prepare wheels, purchase cotton, and pay the workers. Rao Bahadur Chitale personally saw this difficulty and helped the work with a grant of Rs. 100. Miss Latham, when she knew of this difficulty, kindly sent another hundred. These two grants came at the right time and gave a stimulus to the work. Local gentlemen helped with their own cotton. The demands for wheels went on increasing day by day. People being too poor to pay for the wheels, it became necessary to get the wheels prepared locally and lend them to the workers. Twenty-seven more wheels were prepared which also gave work to local carpenters who had no work on account of famine.

One carpenter improved the wheel by making it more light and useful for finer yarn. The prices of the wheel were paid at Rs. 3, Rs. 3-8-0, and Rs. 4 per wheel according to the quality. Three of these wheels have been sold for Rs. 9-8 as. The total sum spent on these wheels is Rs. 103-8-0 which includes the sum for the wheels kindly sent by Mrs. Petit. Though local cotton was secured for the work, it proved too bad for beginners. A new method therefore was introduced to improve the local cotton, which not only helped the work but also provided work for a few more persons. Raw cotton was secured and the dry dirt and the leaves in it were carefully removed before it was ginned. The rate for this work was fixed at one pice per lb. Any old man who did this work got an opportunity of earning one anna a day, by cleaning 4 lbs. of raw cotton. After it was thus cleaned, it was ginned with a hand-gin which gave work to some women who ginned, at the rate of one anna per 10 lbs. One woman could thus earn 2 as. And 6 pies each day. This ginned cotton was then cleaned by a pinjari who charged at the rate of one anna per pound and earned about 8 as per day. It would have been better and easier too, if cotton had been purchased from the mills, but as this cleaning process of the local cotton provided work for a few workers it was thought the more desirable in these days.

A major portion of these cleaning charges is however made up by the sale of cotton seed secured after ginning. The following statement will show the expenses incurred for this and the price of raw cotton for every 60 lbs. Rs. As. Ps. Price of 60 lbs. of raw cotton @ 20 Rs. a patia (240 lbs.) 5– 0– 0 Removal of dirt, waste and dry leaves @ 1 pice per pound 0–15– 0 Ginning of 52 lbs. of raw clean cotton @ 1 as. per 10 lbs. 0– 5– 3 Cleaning the lint (17 lbs.) by a pinjari @ 1 anna per lb. 1– 1– 0 Total 7– 5– 3 Deduct price of cotton seed 35 lbs. @ 20 lbs. per Re. 1–12– 0 Net charges for 17 lbs. of clean cotton 5– 9– 3 Thus the cost of one pound of cotton comes to 5 as and 3 pies only. The proportion of waste, viz., 8 lbs. in 60 lbs. of raw cotton, is too high and could be avoided by securing better and cleaner cotton. There are at present 29 wheels going and there is still a great demand for wheels. But the funds being limited, more wheels could not be prepared and provided. Spinning is done by those who absolutely knew nothing about it previously. Consequently the yarn is still of an inferior sort. It is improving day by day but if a competent teacher could be secured, it would improve rapidly. Amongst the spinners, some are full-time workers and others are leisure-time workers. About 2 lbs. of yarn are now prepared every day and the quantity will increase as the spinners get used to the work. The rate for spinning is fixed @ 6 as a lb., though many workers complain that it is not enough. As the yarn sent for sale realized a price of 12 as. a lb., the spinning charges could not be increased without a loss. Every lb. of yarn requires as. 11 pies 3 for expenses, as 0–5–3 for cotton and 0–6–0 for spinning. Thus every lb., leaves a profit of 9 pies only. The establishment and other charges are not calculated with the present rate of spinning @ 6 as. a lb., one spinner earns 3 as per day by spinning 20 to 24 tolas, more earn 2 as. a day by spinning 15 tolas and the rest 1 1 2 as. a day for 10 tolas, the beginners excluded. The more the spinner is used to the work, the more he will earn. An attempt was made to prepare cloth out of the yarn and three and a half lbs. of yarn were given to a weaver for weaving.

He however charged an exorbitant rate for weaving. He prepared nine and a half yards of cloth and charged Rs. 3-9-0 for it, practically I rupee a lb. The cloth cost Rs. 6-0-6 and was sold at Rs. 6-3-0, with a profit of as 2 pies 6 only. To obviate the difficulty about weaving, a separate loom with one teacher to teach weaving to local persons is urgently required. Many local people wish to learn this art. A separate loom will reduce the cost of the cloth prepared on it below the prevailing market rate. About 6 lbs. of yarn are given to different weavers to ascertain the exact wages but all this difficulty can only be removed by having a special loom. When there was a shortage of cotton and the workers had no work, wool was introduced for spinning till cotton was ready. This work was willingly taken up by the Dhangars. They were however required to spin finer thread of wool than they usually prepared. They took some time to pick up the work, and now there are 10 wool spinners working fine thread. They are also paid at 6 as a lb. for spinning. Wool worth Rs. 31, @ 2 lbs. a rupee, was purchased, and though the cotton was ready, the wool spinning was continued by starting a separate department, as the Dhangars readily took up the work. The whole process of cleaning the wool is also done by the Dhangar women, who get an extra anna per lb. for it. The sorting of wool is carefully looked to. The majority of wool spinners use their own spinning-wheels but a few are now asking for the improved wheel for preparing finer threads. Dhangar weavers being locally available, blankets after the Pandharpur and Dawangiri pattern are being prepared from this finer thread and different designs have been suggested to them. The Dhangars being a stubborn race do not readily adopt the new improvement, but this work has set them to work up new designs of blankets which will permanently help them in their own profession.

They now require a broader and improved loom and instructions in coloring wool. Efforts are made to secure a clever full-time weaver who will introduce a better method of weaving. Two blankets were prepared and sold at cost price, one for Rs. 5-13-6 and the other for Rs. 6-6-0. Orders are being received for more blankets now, but to continue the work would require some funds. To keep so many persons working is not only an ideal form of famine relief, but a means to promote village industries, and remove the demoralizing effects of successive famines. Thus stands the work of about one month. It now requires an improved handloom, a good teacher, a special loom for wool, more spinning-wheels (which the neighbouring villagers are also demanding) and many other things. The work is going on vigorously and it is hoped will not be allowed to suffer for want of funds.